Ethical Issues Related to the Cloning Debate - 1389 Words

The act of cloning a human being comes dangerously close to human beings acting as God. Do human beings have the right to tamper with nature in this way? This essay explores the various ethical issues related to the cloning debate, and seeks answers to this deep philosophical question at the heart of bioethics. As a student of genetic biology and future biologist, this question also has personal relevance. Our science is evolving at a rapid pace. As human cloning becomes increasingly possible, it is important that we analyze the ethics of cloning so that judicious public policy can be created. It is therefore my position that research into cloning should continue to fulfill the fundamental goals of scientific exploration and to explore the possibilities that cloning might have in terms of benefitting human society; on the other hand, there are certainly ethical limits to the practice of cloning. It is important to define those ethical limits, so that scientists understand the best wa ys to proceed. Cloning is already happening in laboratories around the world, and especially in countries with few restrictions on scientific research. As Tierney points out, Singapore and South Korea are spearheading cloning research as if scientists in those countries are keen to make major medical breakthroughs. This is partly because of the lack of formal taboos against cloning, which are embedded in European cultures and also in North America. It therefore makes sense that the outcryShow MoreRelatedHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research1313 Words   |  6 Pagesvery controversial ethical debate. This issues is a dilemma for scientist, religious activist, and many more. HES cell research is being disputed because the practice is morally wrong. The other side of the issue stands with many scientist, being that they see the potential lives it could save in the long run. Religious activist, and many other pro-life leaders stand by the fact of how the scientist obtain the embryonic stem cells is wrong and unethical. To understand this issue we first need to understandRead More Advantages of Cloning in Humans and Animals Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAdvantages of Cloning in Humans and Animals Cloning has existed for ages as a form of reproduction in nature. Now humans have harnessed the power to clone at will. This evokes an argument between those that support and those that do not support cloning. Among the population, there are fewer supporters than opponents. It might just be a gut reaction of humans to fear and suspect new technology, or it could be a well-founded fear. In the animal world, cloning could be used to save endangered speciesRead MoreThe Ethics of Cloning Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Richard Dawkins â€Å"Cloning may be good and it may be bad. Probably its a bit of both. The question must not be greeted with reflex hysteria but decided quietly, soberly and on its own merits. We need less emotion and more thought† (Dawkins, 2011). Cloning is a general term used to describe the replication of biological material (Cloning Fact Sheet, 2009). Throughout this paper the reasoning behind why cloning is an acceptable and potentially life changing science will be examinedRead MoreEssay The Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research1409 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch has been the topic of debates around the world. In the blink of an eye, clones, perfect children, and immortality are no longer a myth told by elders around campfires. Through various techniques, scientists are able to better the lives of those living, but at what cost? In their articles â€Å"Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of Pro and Con,† by author Dan W. Brock; â€Å"The Ethical Implications of Guman Cloning,† by Michael J. Sandel; â€Å"Theriputic Human Cloning Is Ethical,† by Ian Wilmut and RogerRead MoreCloning And Its Implications On Human Cloning1497 Words   |  6 PagesCloning and Its Sociobiological Implications Picture this: walking down a street and seeing someone who looks exactly like you. They do the same things as you, act the same way you do, and are exactly alike in several ways. But have people ever considered the consequences of human cloning if it becomes permitted? Human cloning might seem like something out of a science-fiction novel, but it may someday be possible with advances in science and technology. This will result in the creation of severalRead MoreThe Controversial Scientific Breakthroughs Has Been The Success Of Cloning1499 Words   |  6 Pagesbreakthroughs has been the success of cloning. Ever since the creation of â€Å"Dolly† the sheep at Roslin Institute, there has been increased debates on whether scientists should bump up a notch and try to clone a human. Biotechnology and science evolves day by day. New inventions and discoveries play an important part in order for a breakthrough in science. Scientists are eager to study and dig deeper into the mysterie s of life, to them experimenting with cloning is a major step in fully understandingRead MoreNegative Effects Of Cloning1301 Words   |  6 PagesCloning is something that has plagued scientists and mankind on whether the experiment is the right or wrong thing to target. In the passages, it talks about the positive and negative outcomes that come with cloning. Even though cloning has many positive results, there are more negative upshots that come with cloning. Cloning was more of an experiment for animals and began growing until the scientists were wanting to try on human beings and other organisms. Cloning has positive and negative resultsRead MoreThe Effects of the Human Genome Project on Society1697 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing able to completely map out any given persons genome incredibly accurately. As the research continues, access to this process is becoming more and more open. With a complete map of ones DNA, scientists will be able to identify any known disease related nucleotides which will help them in administering the correct and most effective treatments to patients already suffering from a disease as well as help them discover the probability of them passing on the gene to any offspring. This mapping can alsoRead MoreEssay on The Dilemma of Cloning1522 Words   |  7 PagesThe Dilemma of Cloning      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Man is quickly approaching the reality of cloning a human being. Once regarded as a fantastic vision dreamed up by imaginative novelists, the possibility of creating a person in the absence of sexual intercourse has crossed over the boundaries of science fiction and into our lives. While genetic engineering has helped improve the quality of life for many people, it poses many ethical and moral questions that few are prepared to answer. The most current andRead MoreHuman Cloning Is Not More Difficult Than Cloning921 Words   |  4 PagesHuman cloning involves removing the nucleus of a human egg and replacing it with the nucleus of an existing person (Glannon, p. 89). It is the genetic duplication of an existing person (CGS). Identical twins are a naturally occurring cloning (Science Daily). Several countries worldwide have bans on human cloning (Kilner). The U.S. government has cut funding for cloning research (Kilner). Arguments in favor of human cloning point out the benefits of advancing technology, while those against question

Let the Students Speak The Importance of Free Speech on...

Ah, the freedom of speech. Outlined in our nation’s Constitution and considered one of the most fundamental of all human rights, it gives us the ability to express ourselves without government interference, restraint, or suppression (â€Å"Freedom of Speech: An Overview†). Free speech is practiced by all types of American citizens, from the teenage girl posting a picture of a Starbucks cup on Instagram to the riled adult handing out fliers for a political cause. Every form of expression, ranging from the frivolous to the meaningful and the agreeable to the controversial, is protected by this significant and irreplaceable liberty. With this in mind, freedom of speech should surely be guaranteed in all corners of our nation. Unfortunately, that†¦show more content†¦The academic process takes place due to the distribution, obtainment, and discussion of information. Imagine being punished for taking part in this scholastic process. That’s what happened to Keith John Sampson of Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis. He was found guilty of racial harassment for reading a book about the Ku Klux Klan (â€Å"Silencing U: Five Outrageous Cases of Campus Censorship†). Reading, a harmless activity of self-education that should be considered a normal occurrence on a college campus, was found to be an act of harassment simply because the book’s subject matter consisted of a notorious hate group. This event completely opposes the purpose of higher education, which is to support students’ attainment of knowledge and improvement of literacy. If students are restricted from informing themselves on topics found controversial or offensive, then their freedom of thought becomes restricted as well. As a result, their scope of knowledge would be circumscribed to what the administrating body found appropriate and acceptable. This is not true intellectual growth. The learning process includes analyzing all types of material, the unpleasant and brutal included. Thanks to freedom of speech, we have the ability to question, scrutinize, and criticize our government and its public officials. There’s a myriad of media forms demonstrating this freedom, stretching from the deepest political bowels of the YouTube comments section to PoliticsShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King, Obama, and Douglass Essay1785 Words   |  8 Pagesanticipate and articulate their nations needs and aspirations. One thing King, Douglass, and Obama, all three were involved with civil rights’ of all who were oppressed. These three men helped show America that a change was in order for all to feel free and all were created equal. Each of these three men became American Icons in many ways, such as King, Obama, and Douglass had prodigious speaking skills, leadership expertise, and opinionated dispositions. Obama, Douglass and King are revered inRead MoreCoun 5014908 Words   |  20 Pagespersonal qualities that would be helpful are problem centered, creative, flexible, ethical, stable, consistent, self awareness and the ability to control their own lives. There is also essential engaging listening because counseling proper involves speech. Therefore, the major issues surrounding counseling are about the worldviews that inform the conversation. The use of language is very important in counseling because almost all counseling is talk. There are many reasons why one may becomeRead MoreCase Studies13817 Words   |  56 Pageswho are then allowed to bid on exceptional deals. In an effort to stand out from the crowded field of online bargain sites, Fashionforward! reached out to the local community in search of help marketing their company to college students. Part of this effort included hiring a student intern, Carly LeBlanc. At that point, Fashionforward! had no formal marketing strategy for targeting consumers. As someone who grew up in the digital age, LeBlanc knew she had to kick start the company on the InternetRead MoreSociology and Group41984 Words   |  168 Pagesgovernance group. e. self-help group. Answer: a. symposium. . A college appoints a moderator and holds an open discussion to provide students with the opportunity to ask questions and express their concerns regarding a proposed increase in tuition. This setting for group communication is an example of a a. symposium. b. forum. c. panel discussion. d. governance group. e. service group. Answer: b. forum. . A college s Board of Trustees that makes public policy decisions may be classified Read More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesbusiness school applications. With an abundance of qualified candidates to choose from, admissions officers can be more selective, making admission to top schools even more challenging for applicants. The Harbus, the Harvard Business School weekly student newspaper, recognizes that applicants require up-to-date materials and inspiration to match the current environment. While this book includes the latest application essays, which are updated regularly by the ad... missions committee, it retains severalRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesnetwork or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed o n recycled, acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QDB/QDB 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-0-07-811257-7 MHID 0-07-811257-5 Vice President Editor-in-Chief: Brent Gordon Vice President, EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether-DavidRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesAppendix I Glossary 673 Appendix II References 683 Name Index 705 Subject Index 709 Combined Index 713 iii This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface xvii INTRODUCTION 1 3 THE CRITICAL ROLE OF MANAGEMENT SKILLS The Importance of Competent Managers 6 The Skills of Effective Managers 7 Essential Management Skills 8 What Are Management Skills? 9 Improving Management Skills 12 An Approach to Skill Development 13 Leadership and Management 16 Contents of the Book 18 OrganizationRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesWindows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation used herein under license. Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Used herein under license. Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933904 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-11873-2 ISBN-10: 0-495-11873-7 ââ€"   To my nephews, Jesse and Luke Smidt, who bet I wouldn’t put their names in this book. R. P. ââ€"   To my wife, Sally, and my daughter, Anna C. O. ââ€"   To Carol, Allie, and TeriRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 PagesFigure A.1 : Figure A.2 : Figure A.3 : Figure A.4 : Figure A.5 : PE/VC investments by industry in 2007(Total US$ 14.2 Bn) Growth of venture capital and private equity in India, 2000-2007 Investments by stage– Number of deals Building synergies Importance of education Qualiï ¬ cation of entrepreneurs Qualiï ¬ cation of entrepreneurs – Variations according to time period MBA and entrepreneurship – Variations according to time period Proï ¬ le of MBA graduates in different time periods – Variations according

Analysis of Cyber Crime Case Sony Pictures Company †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Cyber Crime Case of Sony Pictures Company. Answer: Introduction Ethics is the branch of philosophy, which deals with what is right or wrong. The definition has been widely been proposed to be the code of morals for a particular profession, the standard of conduct of given profession. It is important to understand unethical is not necessarily illegal (Buncombe, 2015). In everyday life, individuals, as well as organization, faces common ethical problems. There are many ethical dilemmas, which relates to the cybercrime such as the society right to security versus the cryptography, and the private versus the public control of the information (Dion, Weisstub Richet, 2016). These issues have been relevant today than any other time. The millions of computers, which are connected to each other, have made the information to be accessible as well as approachable. The technological changes have output on the ethical development, which brings about the unanticipated problem that has caused an ethical vacuum (Mack, 2015). There has been an increase in the nu mber of the computer crimes that have been committed by perfectly respectable individual who have shown the full limit to their understanding of the computer ethics. Based on this the essay will attempt to look at the ethical issue which the society is confronting about the cyber-crime. Sony ethical issue In the year 2014, there was one of the biggest and most expensive hacks ever to be recorded which took place at the Sony Pictures Company (Mack, 2015). The hackers broke into the computer system of the Sony pictures entertainment, stole huge swaths of confidential documents, and posted them online the following week, thus exposing everyone from the potential cyber criminals. Additionally, there were journalists who have been poring over the documents as well as reporting of the recent films productions (Mack, 2015). There were also employees data, which was laid vulnerable on the internet. The multiple reports from the USA government officials they believed that the attack was tied to the North Korean government, who had expressed the outrage over the Sony-backed film, which was called the Interview, which was an action comedy, centered on an assassination plot against the North Korean leader Jong Kim (Gallagher, 2015). The company canceled the theatrical release of the film on Wedne sday, and they responded to the vague threats against theaters that were showing the film which was posted by these hackers. It had taken around two weeks for the individuals who work at the Sony to get the grasp of the seriousness of the situation (Siegel Worrall, 2014). Sony Company top management refused to inform them about the extent of the damage, instead, the employees relied on the news sources from the social media (Peterson, 2014). Two weeks after the attack, the Sony employees found themselves thrown into what was regarded as the pre-PC age. Half of the organization six thousand eight hundred computers, as well as the servers, were rendered to be dead and they had all the information, which was stolen and deleted (Sharma, Mittal Verma, 2015). Due to this, the workers had to rewrite every single file that was deleted by hand. The paper became the main form of communication, which was used to write the memos and to do the lists. The hackers had even gotten the staff perso nal information. Analysis of the issue using theories This case is upsetting as well as disturbing especially when the information of the company, as well as personal data, was breached. This case could be analyzed using various ethical theories, which will highlight if they were violated based on the case. The first ethical theory to analyze the case is the individualism theory (Peterson, 2014). This theory state that individuals especially those who are high in the company should do everything in their power to satisfy the needs of the owners and the shareholders. In this case, we have seen the management has taken more than a week to notify the workers of the situation of the breach of their information. On one side, the management was acting in the best interest of the owners and the shareholders since they did not want the information to spread in regards to the breach. On another perspective, I think this was not the right thing to do (Peterson, 2014). These actions are not supported by the utilitarianism theory, which purports th at one should always do things, which are aimed to maximize the happiness for themselves as well as for the others. The majority of the employees who worked for Sony felt upset because the management did not tell them of the news in regards to what was happening to the company they held them from the social media (Peterson, 2014). When the story broke out it stained on the reputation of the company brand. Some individuals may view Sony company as terrible as well as unethical thus buy the products of the other brands. This means less money for the owners, which could lower their price per share, and this would take money aware from the shareholders. The effect of this would make the shareholders and the owners unhappy. Sony Company has broken on this theory because every individual who is involved is unhappy to some extent (Von Solms Van Niekerk, 2013). For example, the employees had to rewrite every single file, which was deleted by the GOP hackers. Recommendations The surge to the Cyberattacks has rattled on both the business as well as the consumers. To enable the companies to prevent a similar situation happening to them, the cyber experts said they need to do better on the job of segmenting their data in order to enable the employees to access the data they require (Kokas, Tryon, Gusterson Braun, 2016). Even the person to the top of the organization does not need an access to everything. It is important for the company to clamp on sharing their spreadsheets especially on the one which was not encrypted instead they should use databases which are secured in order to access the important information. In the case of Sony Company, the hackers leak the spreadsheet in the human resources, which were filled with vital medical as well as employee information. The use of the Kantianism theory could contribute greatly to make the decision better especially for the top corporate level individuals. The theory highlights that one should act rationally in order to make business decisions, respect people and help them to make the rational decisions. In the case of Sony, management did not make the decision rationally especially when they had to wait for more than a week to inform the employees of the situation the company was suffering (Peterson, 2014). To prevent future shortcomings on the same it is important to involve all the stakeholders involve and channel a common way to prevent such an occurrence again. Moreover, it is important for the organization to implement regular email deletion policy to prevent such vital information from leaking out especially when there has been an attack on the company. Conclusion As seen in the case of Sony Pictures, the company there was a hack on their system and vital information was stolen. This show the individuals who were involved do not observe classical ethics. The situation causes the company to lose a lot of money, especially when it was facing the lawsuits from the former employees who alleged that the company was neglecting protecting their personal information, which they entrusted it with such as the medical data that was compromised from the stolen spreadsheet. At a time the companies overlook at their security protocols and think they could not be hacked, it is important to implement a code of ethics which will help govern the organization especially when such situations occurs what should be done. Hiding the workers of the shortcoming the company faced could not help the company rather it would devastate them and they could sue them if their privacy data was breached. References Buncombe, A. (2015). Sony Pictures hack: US intelligence chief says North Korea cyberattack was most serious ever against US interests. The Independent, 7(01). Dion, M., Weisstub, D., Richet, J. L. (2016). Financial Crimes: Psychological, Technological,and Ethical Issues. Gallagher, T. (2015). CSCI 215E. 01: Social and Ethical Issues in Computer Science. Kokas, A., Tryon, C., Gusterson, H., Braun, J. (2016). Freedom Edition: Considering Sony Pictures and The Interview. Journal of Broadcasting Electronic Media, 60(4), 714- 728. Mack, R. L. (2015). Cybercrimes: Legislation and Current Trends. Marsh, D. (2017). Are Ethical Hackers the Best Solution for Combating the Growing World of Cyber-Crime? (Doctoral dissertation, University Honors College, Middle Tennessee State University). Peterson, A. (2014). The Sony Pictures hack, explained. The Washington Post, 1. Sharma, M., Mittal, S., Verma, A. (2015). Cyber Ethics in Security Application in the Modern Era of Internet. IITM Journal of Management and IT, 6(1), 140-143. Siegel, L. J., Worrall, J. L. (2014). Essentials of criminal justice. Cengage Learning. Yar, M. (2013). Cybercrime and society. Sage. Von Solms, R., Van Niekerk, J. (2013). From information security to cyber security.Computers Security, 38, 97-102.

Power. A Word From Which Many Meanings Derive. To Each Essays

Power. A word from which many meanings derive. To each individual, it means something distinct and it is how one uses their power that makes up who they are. Power does not come from the barrel of a gun. A gun can do nothing without someone there to pull the trigger. The power to take a life rests within the person, the gun simply serving as their tool. When groups protesting for a cause they believe in use violent tactics, do they ever accomplish anything? When we kill , what do we achieve? To say that power lies in the barrel of a gun is to say that the most effective way to get what we want, or what we feel we deserve is to murder. It is only those with no faith in their dreams, or belief in themselves who could make such a statement. Martin Luther King Jr. once said, "If a man hasn't found something he will die for, he isn't fit to live." A leader in the Black community and the recipient of the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, King's accomplishment of attaining civil rights for Blacks was a great one, but the road to achievement was long and full of sacrifices. It was a time when Blacks had no rights and most of them accepted this as the way it was and no one could do anything about it. Most of them, but not King. When the police arrested a black woman for sitting in the front of the bus and refusing to give up her seat to a white woman, King led a committee that organized a boycott of buses. The results were that on April 23, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that "segregation in public transportation is unconstitutional" and that South Carolina as well as 12 other states must remove the"whites only" signs that hung in the front of the buses. This was just the beginning, he vowed to continue his fight using "passive resistance and the weapon of love". He helped establish the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and became its first president. Then in 1957, King met with Vice-president Nixon in Washington to "discuss racial problems . He went on to lead protests, demonstrations and marches, making the non-violent resistance stronger than it had ever been before. He succeeded in making people aware that every human being is born equal and that no one should be denied his civil rights. Martin Luther King had a dream and he knew that there was only one way to make it come true, to wake up and to take action. He was a true example of someone putting their power to good use. He started his life with a disadvantage, he was hated because of the color of his skin, but he did not let that stop him. He was arrested, thrown in jail, stabbed, stoned, he even had his home bombed. Through it all, he refused to give up, he had found a cause worth dying for and he did. He was murdered on the night of April 4, 1968. People tried to use their power to stop him and his fight. In the end, they may have succeeded in killing its leader, but the battle against racism lived on. Looking back, people say that Martin Luther King Jr. was a very powerful man. I have never heard anyone say his attackers or his murderers had. "I am indeed, a practical dreamer. My dreams are not airy nothings. I want to convert my dreams into realities, as far as possible." Mahatma is the name the people of India gave to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The meaning is Great Soul, and they considered him as the father of their nation. He named his autobiography, "The story of My Experiments With Truth." That was, after all, what his life was about: the truth and his search to find it. He was against violence in any form, he felt there existed better methods of accomplishing things, and he proved to be successful. he made up his won technique for social action that he called satyagraha, "non-violent resistance to injustice and wrong." Gandhi's actions were guided by his philosophy that the way a person behaves is more important than what he achieves. It was these tactics that he used in his fight for India's independence. Gandhi was a lawyer, on a business trip to South Africa and he was greeted with prejudice and discrimination against the fellow Indians living there. What was supposed to be a trip, ended up being a 21 year stay

Zoonotic Diseases Essay Example

Zoonotic Diseases Essay Abstract This report presents a combined epidemiological and economic framework for assessing zoonoses using a ‘‘one health’’ concept. The framework allows for an understanding of the cross-sector economic influence of zoonoses using improved risk analysis and listing a range of analytical tools. The goal of  the framework is to link the check outputs of animal and human disease transmission models, economic influence models and assessment of risk management options to gain improved understanding of factors affecting the acceptance of risk management plans so that investment planning includes the most promising interventions (or sets of interventions in an integrated fashion). A more complete understanding of the costs of the disease and the costs and benefits of control measures would promote broader application of the most efficient and effective control measures, contributing to improved animal and human health, better livelihood outcomes for the poor and macroeconomic growth. Keywords: Zoonoses, Tuberculosis, Brucellosis Acknowledgements / Foreword IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE BENEFICENT, THE MERCIFUL I would like to express my sincere gratefulness to Relief International for financial support and giving us the chance of working on this project and contribution towards betterment of humans and livestock. We will write a custom essay sample on Zoonotic Diseases specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Zoonotic Diseases specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Zoonotic Diseases specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I am very grateful to my project supervisor Dr. Dost Muhammad Baloch, co-supervisor Dr. Muhammad Azam Khan Kakar, Dr. Ejaz of RI, Dr Abdul. Rehman, the lab in charge of DI lab Quetta and all my fellows friends for their kind co-operation and encouragement for completing this Project Successfully. I also express my gratitude to Department of Biotechnology and Informatics for providing the necessary requirement for Completion of Work. Table of Contents Abstractii Acknowledgements / Forewordiii Table of Contentsiv List of Figuresv List of Tablesvi  Terminology / Notationvii Acronyms / Abbreviationsvii. 1Introduction1 1. 1Statement of the Problem:2 1. 2Research Hypotheses:4 1. 3Significance of the Study:4 1. 4Purpose of the Research:4 2Literature Review5 3Materials Methods10 4Results / Discussion12 5Conclusions15 References16 List of Figures Figure 1: Cycle of M. Bovis Transmission between cattle and humans. The thickness of the arrows Suggests level of probability1 Figure 2: Spread of Brucellosis between cattle Humans2 List of Tables Table 1: Animal Count Pishin Dist. (2005)10 Terminology / Notation Acronyms / Abbreviations SppSpecies DLSDepartment of Livestock services T. B Tuberculosis L. ULivestock Unit Introduction The usage Zoonoses, or Zoonotic diseases, are caused by infectious agents that are transmissible under natural conditions from animals to humans. Zoonoses may rise from wild or domestic animals or from products of animal source. A number of infectious diseases, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, can be transmitted from animals to people through a variety of infection routes, including animal bites, vectors (i.e. , insects), and animal-to-human contact (i. e. , inhalation of respiratory droplets or skin-to-skin contact). Some examples of common Zoonotic diseases include lyme disease, rabies, ringworm, and plague. Zoonoses have been known since early historical spells. There are holy references to infection, a bacterial zoonoses mainly transmitted to humans by fleas; and some historians contend that a disease first described by Thucydides during the Plague of Athens (430–425 B. C. E. ) was typhus, a louse-borne zoonoses. ). Certain zoonoses, such as yellow fever, malaria, and rabies, are well known to the general public, but a vast number of lesser-known zoonoses exist in limited cycles in different parts of the world. There are undoubtedly many zoonoses waiting in nature that have the potential to cause serious public health consequences if introduced into humans. Figure 1: Cycle of M. Bovis Transmission between cattle and humans. The thickness of the arrows Suggests level of probability * Figure 2: Spread of Brucellosis between cattle Humans *Statement of the Problem: The Department of Livestock services (DLS) has made several efforts to implement the regulation in Pishin district of Baluchistan. In spite of such efforts are in place, consumers are forced to use unhygienic and inadequate meat and milk; they are bound to live with the risk of meat borne diseases; and various cases of frauds precipitate from time to time The demand of meat and meat products are higher than the existing supply for which meat industry depends on import of live animals from different areas. The demand for meat is greater than the supply from domestic sources. In this vein, fewer literatures maintain that the prevailing supply deficit is not only due to deficit number of food animals in Pishin but also due to non-acceptance of locally produced meat by the residents. There is lack of research activities on meat borne diseases; it is occasional and isolated in nature, and the results of most of them remain as undocumented findings. Some of the Literatures report the prevalence of bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases as meat borne zoonoses in district Pishin. Some of them are brucellosis, tuberculosis many other Zoonotic diseases. Few literatures argue that the effect of zoonoses might be little through meat consumption in Pishin due to superior cooking style – frying the meat and then cooking in the pressure cooker – nevertheless, it does not rule out the absence of the spore forming pathogens and possibly their in-built toxins in the cooked meat. Regarding the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, Gautam 2005 cited in Sankhi (2006:110) has detected Salmonella Spp in buffalo meat, mutton and chicken; and Escherichia coli has been reported as the predominant bacteria followed by Staphylococcus and Salmonella Spp, and other bacteria of Entero-bacteriaceae family in raw meat obtained from buffalo, goat, cow, sheep and poultry in Pishin. Some of these reported bacteria are potent producers of toxins which causes death of humans. Given these situations, it is apparent that the meat and milk products procured, processed and marketed in the area is unsafe for human consumption posing potential public health hazards. A similar major concern of meat sector in Pishin is pollution of environment due to the waste products of meat emitted from slaughtering and dressing operation. The slaughter sites are lacking proper drainage channels as well as waste disposal system; waste materials are disposed into municipality waste tank, streets and open areas. Infectious diseases  * Major cause of deaths in humans * Major economic losses in domestic animals * Major cause of wildlife destruction * Major impact on developing countries and poverty Issues includes * What is the current status of these infectious diseases? (T. B Brucellosis) * Do we know what really cause these diseases? * What would we need to know to predict the emergence and re-emergence of a disease? Research Hypotheses: This Awareness among meat occupational and consumers helps implementation of the Slaughterhouse and Meat Inspection Act in Pishin district. Provision of sufficient regulatory infrastructures supports the implementation of Slaughterhouse and Meat Inspection Act in. Significance of the Study: The present study finds a great opportunity to carry out research in the area of meat and milk business in Pishin with particular emphasis to ascertain the implementation status of Slaughterhouse and Meat Inspection Act in. Various findings of this study are helpful in bridging the knowledge gap existing in the available literatures related to execution of meat legislation in the area. Besides, the study opens up various dimensions for the research activities regarding policy implementation process in meat sector in the country. The government authority can have the opportunity to bring necessary adjustments in its existing policies, strategies, and programmes and activities based on the various findings of the present research study. Purpose of the Research: * To see the animals infected with Zoonotic diseases (Tuberculosis Brucellosis) in Pishin district. * To screen out carrier animals in the area thus to develop strategies to prevent Brucellosis and tuberculosis in the area. Literature Review Zoonotic diseases are caused by many different pathogenic agents. In most cases, humans are accidental or ‘‘spill-over’’ hosts of a disease-ecological cycle maintained by animal hosts, including insects (Kayali et al. 2003; Schelling et al. 2003). Because of the circulation of Zoonotic agents between animals, humans, and the environment, the cost of a disease affects human activity and health in addition to other economic sectors. According to the Institute of Medicine (2009), Zoonotic pathogens caused more than 65% of emerging infectious disease events in the past six decades. The direct cost of Zoonotic diseases over the last decade has been estimated to be more than $20 billion with over $200 billion indirect losses to affected economies as a whole (World Bank 2010). In the last 60 years, many industrialized countries have successfully controlled or eliminated Zoonotic diseases through costly public investment facilitating coordinated  interventions, including ‘‘test and slaughter,’’ feed bans, mass vaccination of domestic animals and wildlife, health education and milk pasteurization. These are highly effective methods of eliminating Zoonotic diseases which require important operational, legal, and financial collaterals (Keusch et al. 2009). In most developing countries, surveillance of Zoonotic diseases is not recognized as ‘‘one-health’’ collaboration between veterinary medicine and human medicine. In addition, many countries lack diagnostic capacity and health infrastructure. In livestock populations efforts have primarily focused on implementing prevention and eradication measures with much less emphasis on the effect of mitigation (transmission control) strategies, taking into consideration economic and development impacts at the macro (national economy, environment) or micro (health, livelihoods, food security of smallholder farmers) levels. Many industrialized countries are able to control or reduce the risk of Zoonotic diseases through public investment in preventative measures such as surveillance and compensation of farmers for culled stock in the event of an outbreak. In April 2001, the British government slaughtered and destroyed more than 2 million animals in England to stop the spread of foot-and-mouth disease (Sobrino and Domingo 2001). Such interventions are not feasible in many developing countries because of poor surveillance programs, limited institutional capacity, and, without donor assistance, lack of funds for livestock holder and compensation (Zinsstag et al. 2007). This issue is illustrated by the limited effectiveness of the response following the HPAI outbreak in 2006–2008. Education programs to increase producer level bio-security measures were implemented in developing countries without careful consideration of how to alter behaviour of small scale producers sustainably, despite high level ministerial support (Narrod et al. 2011). Successful investment in zoonoses control requires assessment of the cost of disease and the cost-effectiveness of proposed interventions, in addition to adaptation of the interventions to the local context. Given that 70% of the world’s rural poor depend on livestock and working animals for their livelihoods, animals cannot be left out of the solutions (LID1999; FAO 2002). Economic impacts exist beyond the cost of control, including direct decreases in household income due to reduction in livestock/product sales, consumption impacts due to reduced food security, increased household vulnerability where livestock is used as a risk-coping mechanism and effects on household wealth which influence savings and gender equality (Birol et al. 2010). In addition there are impacts at the sector level, such as the feed and input sector or the broader economy which includes other analyzable input and output sectors (see You and Diao 2007; Diao et al. 2009). These associated costs may influence behavioural change at different levels (household, practitioners, policy) which is important to the decision-making process. A ‘‘one health’’ approach demonstrates closer cooperation between human and animal health resulting in benefits that are not achieved through the two medicines working independently. ‘‘One health’’ evolved from ‘‘one medicine,’’ a term coined by veterinary epidemiologist Calvin Schwabe in the 1960s to demonstrate that there is no paradigm difference between human and veterinary medicine thus allowing for integrated work (Schwabe 1984). To date, there have been limited efforts to conduct integrated analyses considering both the social and ecological systems, although this approach is not conceptually new having been successfully applied in an ‘‘ecosystem approach to health’’ or ‘‘Eco health’’ (Forget and Label 2001). We suggest that such an approach has enormous potential to improve public and animal health and provide cost savings in the public and private sectors. Sampling humans and animals simultaneously in an integrated study design decreases detection time for zoonotic disease (Schelling et al. 2003; Zinsstag et al. 2009a). Through integrated analysis, the full societal cost of disease can be estimated linking an animal– human transmission model to cross-sector economic analysis to show the full societal cost (Roth et al. 2003, Zinsstag et al. 2005a). The cost of livestock mass vaccination is often much higher than the public health benefit savings. Singularly from a public health perspective, such interventions are not cost-effective. An example is brucellosis control in Mongolia, where the intervention costs are less than a third of the overall cost of disease, when the private and agricultural sectors are included, with a societal benefit-cost ratio of 3.  2 (Roth et al. 2003). Assessing the cost of zoonoses in multiple sectors facilitates identification of cost-sharing options such as a separable cost method. Although brucellosis control by livestock mass vaccination is not cost-effective from a public health sector perspective, it becomes highly cost-effective when costs are shared between the public health and agricultural sectors in proportion to their benefits (Roth et al. 2003). Integrated assessments are hence crucial for Zoonotic disease control in resource poor countries (Zinsstag et al. 2007). The goal of the framework is to link the analysis outputs of animal safety at a given cost. At best, mitigation is negotiated with all stakeholders, communities, authorities, and scientists in participatory trans disciplinary processes (Schelling 2008; Zinsstag 2007). Risk managers can choose strategies depending on the risk preferences for affected stakeholders and comparative advantages in implementing risk-reduction options. It is difficult to compare strategies which consider risk reductions and others evaluating costs and benefits. Despite good intentions, decisions can lead to losses in social welfare through unexpected outcomes and consequences. Decision makers would be aided by a framework which structures complex information and accounts for implications of the intricacy. Materials Methods | Number| Cattle| 202611| Sheep/Goats| 4,40,637| Draught Animals| 5232| Camels| 305| Livestock Unit (LU)| 2,45,016| Table 1: Animal Count Pishin Dist. (2005) Draught animals are horses, mules, donkeys A livestock unit (LU) is a comparative unit, based on its fodder requirements, through which all livestock can be summarised; e. g. a cow, bull, camel and horse are defined as 1 LU, while a sheep; goat and donkey are defined as 0. 5 LU. The grazing capacity of an area is defined in the same way as the carrying capacity: For our purpose it is defined that one livestock unit can optimally survive on one hectare of are under fodder and range land (range land being forest area and area under pastures). The grazing capacity = Rangeland + area under fodder / livestock units Pishin district lies between 30 ° 04’ to 31 ° 17’ north latitudes and 66 ° 13’ to 67 ° 50’ east longitudes.. The district Pishin was a part of Quetta. In 1975 it was separated from Quetta for administrative reasons. It derives its name from the locality Pishin. Pishin is a modernised form of ‘Pushang’, which is Old Persian for the Arabic Fushang. The population of Pishin District was estimated to be over 500,000 in (2005), with 99. 9% of the population being Pashtun. We use the following methods for the sample collection of Tuberculosis and Brucellosis in district Pishin. The methods are 1. Tuberculosis * Tuberculin Test * Nasal secretion samples were taken 2. Brucellosis * For brucellosis blood samples and aborted foetus were taken Results / Discussion A randomized research was conducted of five hundred (n=500) samples of domesticated animals in Pishin district for Tuberculosis   Brucellosis. Animals include a random ratio of sheep, goat, cow and buffaloes. I had found 3 positive samples out of 500. The name of the villages where I found positive samples is 1. Ajram 2. Daman During survey of the meat and milk occupational, observations of their meat and milk establishments were also carried out. The unmanaged disposal of wastes has several implications i. e. the environment of the city contains high level of microbes in the form of dusts and droplets leading to aerosol mode of transmission of meat and milk borne Zoonotic diseases. The overall effect of the study can reduce the control of disease outbreak very difficult. In Pishin district, the proportion of people relying on live- stock for some or all of their livelihoods is high, ranging from 20% to over 60%, depending on the livestock production system and region. In both pastoral and mixed agricultural/rural systems, people live closely with livestock populations that have a high prevalence of brucellosis, Tuberculosis making these individuals at higher risk of infection. Brucellosis is known to have a great impact on economic development, both in terms of direct losses (morbidity, mortality) and indirect losses, including costs associated with ineffective control measures. However, this is the first study to evaluate quality of life of patients with brucellosis compared to a control population. In the current study, the General Health domain had the lowest mean value in the group of patients with brucellosis and Tuberculosis. The General Health domain reflects an individual’s perceptions of his or her general health status. Disease, such as brucellosis, can result in poor physical activity, an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, depression, and dependency on others. When these factors are combined with poor socioeconomic status and lack of insurance, this can result in an even more negative perception of current and future health. In Pishin, brucellosis continues to be a problem due to certain traditions and customs associated with food preparation and a lack of health programs designed to teach people about the safety concerns associated with living and working closely with livestock. Much of the rural population of Pishin has a low economic status, with many families now relying on funds sent from family members who have immigrated to other areas, Differences in quality of life between rural and urban area patients are most likely due to the additional socio-economic hardships that the rural population must endure. The results of this study indicate that brucellosis does appear to negatively impact the welfare and quality of life of patients and that this disease has the largest impact on those least equipped to handle additional stress and poor health. The data presented here reinforce the hypothesis that socioeconomics can impact quality of life associated with a certain disease or condition and that those most affected are often times individuals living in territories that are behind in their development of health and disease prevention strategies. This necessitates the need for better education and public health programs aimed at these high risk populations. Conclusions Animal and human health is inseparably linked and food animals, especially cattle serve as a reservoir of diseases of public health importance. The safety of food of animal origin with regard to infection by M. Bovis Brucella spp is worth giving consideration, taking into knowledge the current tuberculosis Brucellosis wrecking the world. Though animals with these diseases pose risk to humans, this risk is extremely remote in developed countries due to introduction of milk pasteurisation and effective bovine tuberculosis control programmes (Shitaye et al. , 2006). In contrast, spread from animals to humans in developing countries remains a very real danger, mostly from infected milk. This seems to be a danger, which is being entirely ignored (Davies, 2006). The animal and public health consequences of M. Bovis Brucella are grave. Disease surveillance programmes in animals and humans should be considered a priority, especially in areas where risk factors are present. Other recommendations made by the WHO (1994) in its message on Zoonotic diseases include: Training of personnel at all levels of control programmes and the urgent need for further research on the diagnosis and control, immunological, epidemiological and socioeconomic aspects of these diseases. * References * Godfroid, J. , Scholz, H. C. , Barbier, T. , Nicolas, C. , Wat-tiau, P. , Fretin, D. , Whatmore, A. M. , Cloeckaert, A. , Blasco, J. M. , Moriyon, I. , Saegerman, C. , Muma, J. B. , Dahouk, S. , Neubauer, H. and Letesson, J. J. (2011) Brucellosis at the animal/ecosystem/human interface at the beginning of the 21st century. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 102, 118-131. Seleem, M. N. , Boyle, S. M. and Sriranganathan, N. (2010) Brucellosis: A re-emerging zoonosis. Review. Vet-erinary Microbiology, 140, 392-398. Schussler, J. M. , Fenves, A. Z. and Sutker, W. L. (1997) intermittent fever and pancytopenia in young Mexican man. Southern Medical Journal, 90, 1035-1037. Kauffer, M. (2008) Public policies and commitments of the researcher. Public policy, some general notes. Myrdal, G. (1968) Economic theory and underdeveloped regions (In Spanish). Ed. Fondo de CulturaEconomica, Mexico City, 22-32. Ware, J. E. and Gandek, B. (1998) Overview of the SF-36 health survey and the international quality of life assess-ment (IQOLA) project. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51, 903-912. CONAPO and National Population Council (2005) Human development indices in Tlaxcala.. * *

The eNotes Blog Get Cozy 5 Holiday BookReads

Get Cozy 5 Holiday BookReads The holiday season, though festive and fun, is a time best experienced indoors. The good news is that dreary weather is the best reading weather! No matter what holidays you celebrate this time of year, no one can deny the comfort of keeping warm and cozy with a good book. Here are five  books perfect for winter and the holidays. A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens   An absolute classic, A Christmas Carol follows the greedy Ebenezer Scrooge while he undergoes a personality makeover. This novella has become a holiday staple, espousing the sweetest Christmas themes such as charity, community, and positive change. Read the full story (with annotations) free on Owl Eyes! The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis It can put a cold, dreary day in perspective to revisit this classic series that takes place in Narnia, a land doomed to an eternity of winter. Cuddle up near the fireplace and follow the Pevensie siblings as they roam through this magical, snowy land. Snow-Bound, by John Greenleaf Whittier Whittier’s nostalgic poetic masterpiece is set on a cold December day in New England. When a storm hits, a family gathers together for warmth and reflection. Soon, many other community members gather with the family. This poem emphasizes the importance of communal and family gatherings to fight the gloom of winter. The Winter’s Tale, William Shakespeare Though the plot of this play doesn’t have a whole lot to do with winter, it is the perfect tale to read on a dreary winter day. One of Shakespeare’s tragic comedies, this play has a perfect balance of the sad and the light-hearted. Plus, you can read the full play free on Owl Eyes. A Baxter Family Christmas, by Karen Kingsbury This New York Times bestseller is a heartwarming read about families coping with loss, change, and second chances. A perfect Christmas transformative story! What’s your favorite holiday book? Comment below!

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Research Methods - Essay Example Subjects can either be tested once only (independent group design), or more than once or matched (repeated measures design). The advantages of the latter are that fewer participants are needed (as it may be difficult to find morbidly obese individuals), and this method can provide greater statistical power. On the other hand, there could be practice and carryover effects that would need to be minimised. In the alternative of an independent group design, it may be difficult to randomly assign the subjects and there could be large differences between individuals, which would make it difficult to make any meaningful observations. We would however have the advantage of having a control group so as to control some extraneous factors. Experimental Method Used and its Justification A repeated measures design is preferred due to the expected difficulty in obtaining the required subjects i.e. in finding morbidly obese individuals. They also reduce the effect of individual differences (Schinka, 2003:279). The second justification for a repeated measures design is the greater statistical power relative to the sample size (Amy, 1997). However, subjects will be selected at random and counterbalancing will also be used to offset any practice and carryover effects. The validity of the conclusions is threatened by factors that have either not been specified or included in the study and which could theoretically therefore influence the dependent variable.